Pharmaco-Immunomodulatory Therapy in COVID-19

Significance of exosomes in COVID-19 pathogenesis and therapy

Exosomes are lipid bilayer-enclosed nano-sized vesicles, which carry various biomolecules including proteins, lipids, and microRNAs. SARS-CoV-2-loaded exosomes can be entered into the susceptible host cells, and transported viral components which are associated with viral particles intercellular transmission and spread of infection. Over-stimulation of the immune system followed by excessive pr...

Photodynamic therapy: A new treatment against Covid-19

In 2019, a new coronavirus (COVID-19) was discovered in Wuhan, China, which soon spread all over the world. The main hallmark of the disease includes fever, diarrhea, vomiting, and dry cough with dyspnea in half of the patients and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Currently, no definitive treatment or prevention therapy exists for COVID-19 but scientists and researchers all over the ...

Insomnia drug therapy in COVID-19 patients; a Letter to Editor

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease caused by the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 virus that was first reported in December 2019 and was announced as a pandemic disease on March 11th, according to a World Health Organization (WHO) warning (1). SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets and close contact, accordingly, requires treatment in isolation. I...

COVID-19 in Nursing Homes: The Problematic Management of Residents Without Positive COVID-19 RT-PCR

Ethical Issues in COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout

From the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers aspired to produce an effective vaccine with appropriate efficacy and low side effects to mitigate the pandemic. It seems that vaccination is the only mean to save the world from this pandemic. In this article, we will review the ethical challenges of mass vaccination (focusing on the vaccine distribution and uptake), referring to the mai...